ZOO503 GDB Solution Spring 2020

ZOO503 GDB Solution Spring 2020

How many types fossil might get preserve? Is there any place in Pakistan from wherefossil can be found ? Describe with example?

A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past

geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or

microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record.

Paleontology is the study of fossils: their age, method of formation, and evolutionary

significance. Specimens are usually considered to be fossils if they are over 10,000 years old.

The oldest fossils are around 3.48 billion years old to 4.1 billion years old.The observation in the 19th century that certain fossils were associated with certain rock strata led to the recognition of a geological timescale and the relative ages of different fossils. The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century allowed scientists to quantitatively measure the absolute ages of rocks and the fossils they host.

There are many processes that lead to fossilization, including permineralization, casts and

molds, authigenic mineralization, replacement and recrystallization, adpression, carbonization, and bioimmuration.

Fossils vary in size from one-micrometre (1 μm) bacteria to dinosaurs and trees, many meters long and weighing many tons. A fossil normally preserves only a portion of the deceased organism, usually that portion that was partially mineralized during life, such as the bones and teeth of vertebrates, or the chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Fossils may also consist of the marks left behind by the organism while it was alive, such as animal tracks or feces (coprolites). These types of fossil are called trace fossils or ichnofossils, as opposed to body fossils. Some fossils are biochemical and are called chemofossils or biosignatures .

How is a fossil preserved?

The most common directly preserved fossils are unaltered hard parts of a living organism, like shells, teeth, and bones. ... After the remains of an organism have been buried and cemented within sediment, water percolating through the sediment leaches out the fossil. This leaves a cavity in the rock, called a mold.

Types of Fossils

Fossilization can occur in many ways. Most fossils are preserved in one of five processepreserved remains.

permineralization,

molds,

casts,

replacement,

compression,

Types of fossil preservation.

Carbonization. Carbonization often occurs in the preservation of plants and soft organisms.

Petrifaction.

Recrystallization.

Replacement. ...

Casting. ...

Trace Fossils.

Fossil in Pakistan.

The fossils remains of Deinotherium ("Terrible beast") have been discovered during an

excavation at village Lava, Chakwal district in Pakistan. . The team also discovered eight million year old bones in Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon area in Chakwal. Did dinosaurs lived in Pakistan?

The footprints of two important dinosaurs have been discovered in Pakistan. The theropods and wide gauge titanosaurian sauropods belonged to the Middle Jurassic period.

The site in Pakistan is located in Malakhel, Mianwali.

The fossil of a beast that walked on earth some 14 million years ago has been found in a

Pakistani village.

The Punjab University’s zoology department research team discovered the remains of a

deinotherium during excavation at Lava village, reported the Dawn on Thursday. It didn’t say where precisely was the village located.

The fossil, which has lower denture with undisturbed set of teeth, is in pristine condition.

Professor Muhammad Akhtar headed the team that carried out the excavation.

The report said the significance of the fossil was critical from the evolutionary point of view as it may provide information about change in climate during that period and the possible cause of its extinction.

The team also discovered eight million year old bones in Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon area in

Chakwal.

Prof. Akhtar said this was one of the best ever fossil discoveries in Pakistan.

Examples

include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record.