WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
Beginning
with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by German philosopher
and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, modern psychology’s can be traced in many
disciplines and countries. Psychology’s historical perspectives and current
activities lead us to define the field as the science of behavior and mental
processes.
Theoretical perspectives of psychology
There
are many disciplines that study human nature. Psychology is one. Within
psychology, the biological, behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive and social-
cultural perspectives are complementary. Each has its own purposes, questions,
and limits; together they provide a fuller understanding of mind and behavior.
Why do we study psychology?
Scientific
inquiry begins with an attitude of eagerness to skeptically investigate
competing ideas, with an open- minded approach. Putting ideas to the test helps
us in fully understanding them. The curiosity that drives us to test ideas, and
to expose their underlying assumptions, can be experienced in every day life as
critical thinking.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will encompass basic concepts of psychology
Concepts
like learning, memorizing, retention, emotions, process of thinking, how do
Our
sense organs work etc will be discussed. Also, issues like what is normal and
what is abnormal behavior, the interventions used For treating psychological
problems, along with an overview of main and popular Areas of psychology will
also be tackled.
The main focus of the course will be on introducing essential
terminology, theories, themes, concepts, and trends relevant to modern day
psychology
The
main focus is to help students to learn and understand what are the essential
and important areas of study in psychology. Also students will be enabled to
understand and learn the basic concepts which psychology is mainly based on.
Practical application of knowledge, besides a know how of
theoretical constructs, will be encouraged
How
to use psychology and psychological concepts in every day life is an essential
component,
besides having a basic understanding of the theoretical part of it. It is
expected that after completing this course, the student will be able to use the
psychological concepts for resolving problems, or at least identifying, problem
areas and situations where psychological intervention is required.
The course will be taught bilingually
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
By
the end of the term the students will be able to:
Understand and use basic terminology of psychology: Terms,
concepts and processes when we are studying and applying psychology’s
principles in daily life tasks
Understand and identify the various applications of the
discipline as well as its scientific nature: Understanding
of how to conduct psychological research is very important and it needs
thorough study of
research techniques of how to conduct research, what are the basic steps
involved, how to verify the
findings; and most importantly, whether it is ethical as well as applicable to
humans or not; The students will
get a feel of it. The scientific methodology will not be discussed in detail
since this is an introductory, foundation,
course.
Choose areas of their interest for higher academic qualification in
future: The students
will be familiarized with a number of areas of psychology. After completing
this course you may feel that you have developed a keen interest in psychology
and want to carry on with studying this discipline; at that point the knowledge
from this course will help you in to choosing the desired field in which you
want to specialize. Also the knowledge and information gained from this course
will help you in understanding the concepts in courses like organizational
behavior, management, consumer behavior, and research methods.
Identify situations where psychological intervention may be
required: While studying psychology, you come to know that psychology’s
applications are not limited to curing mental problems only, but have wide range
of applications from the minor to the most extensive tasks in which
psychological principles can be used. Here it is important for you to identify
situations where psychology’s principles and interventions can
be
used in order to resolve the issue.
Some Additional Advantages
Besides
these basic objectives, there are many other advantages that the students will,
or may, enjoy. Knowledge of psychology affects your personality also by
enriching your intellectual life and enlarging your vision to see and observe
things around you. We will discuss a lot of things, and they will be explained in
such a manner that they will add some skills and a better understanding to your
present intellectual caliber. For example, if you want to enhance your learning
by studying psychology, there are some
important
and useful tips for you:
Distribute your study time
One
of the psychologists’ oldest findings is that “spaced practice” promotes better
retention than “massed practice”. You will remember material better if you
space your time over several study periods rather than overcrowding your memory
store house with information over load at one time for longer durations.
Learn to think critically
Whether
in class, or at home, or somewhere else, note people’s personality, habits, assumptions
and values and critically evaluate. What perspective or bias underlies an
argument? Evaluate evidence. Is it anecdotal? Co incidental? Experimental?
Based upon facts? Is what I see the only truth, or can there be other possible explanations?
Listen actively to lectures
According
to psychologist William James “ no reception without reaction, and no
impression without expression.” Listen to the main and sub- ideas of the
lecture, and after listening, process information by which you can understand
and retain the material well.
Over learn
“Over
learning improves retention”. Read, recite and over learn the material that you
cover. Do not overestimate what you know. Rethink and review the lecture, and
give some extra time to what you think you already know. It enhances your
knowledge and the material will be better retained.
Carefully accessing questions while taking tests/ exams
Read the
question to be attempted carefully, think what you have to write and then start
attempting Questions
While exploring psychology, you will learn much more than effective
study techniques. Psychology polishes and sharpens our understanding of how people
perceive, think, feel and act. By doing so, it
definitely
enriches our lives and enlarges our vision.
Misconceptions about psychology and psychologists
Anybody who has studied psychology can read people’s personality
This
is the most frequent thought that comes into the mind of people who believe
that psychologists are like magicians who can tell every thing about any
person, his thoughts, feelings emotions, personality and all that other people
cannot tell. This actually is not the case, because psychologists are not the
magicians or something like that. They are professionals and their area of
interest is basically the study of human
behavior and mental processes; and this requires good observation as
well as good prediction. Another important thing that has to be kept in mind is
that not all of those who have a degree in psychology can understand, explain,
and predict the personality or behavior of a person, because it mainly requires
not just
good observation but proper training as well.
Psychologists
can predict fate or destiny
This is not actually the case. Lay people have these views because
they see that psychologists are capable of accurately telling what type of
people others are, what they are capable of doing, what are their potentials and
capacities etc. In reality, the case is different since psychologists can only
predict not the destiny but the direction that one may adopt in future;
psychologists can assess and predict personality and behavior
because they get professional training for studying human behavior
and that is why they can easily tell what type of a person one is, what might
be his potentials, and how much he/ she is capable of performing certain tasks.
Psychologists
are doctors
Another very common misconception is that psychologists are doctors.
Psychologists are not at all doctors; they are specially trained people who
deal with the psychological problems and not the medical problems. Psychiatrists,
on the other hand, are doctors who have a professional degree in medicine as
well as training in treating those suffering from psychiatric/ psychological
problems.
Psychologists
give medicines
Not psychologist, but psychiatrists are the ones who prescribe
medicine to the mentally ill patients, as they have a professional degree in
medicine that authorizes them to prescribe medication.
DEFINITION
“Psychology
is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes …. Human or Animal”
Behavior is overt, manifest, obvious, and easy to study; the mental
processes that help carryout these behaviors are covert, underlying, hidden,
and not easy to study. Besides behavior, what causes these behaviors to occur
and the mental processes involved in it is an important area of interest for a psychologist.
Psychologists
study animals’ behavior too; to better understand and predict human behavior,
the study of animal behavior becomes essential at times, especially because
some researches cannot be carried out with humans due to safety reasons or
ethical issues
Goals
of Psychology
Main
and important goals of psychology, or in other words of understanding human behavior
and mental processes, are;
• To understand the nature and mechanisms of behavior and mental
processes
• To develop an understanding of the relationship between behavior and
mental processes
• To apply this understanding to real life situations and, on the basis
of this understanding, predict for the future
• To employ the scientific approach for developing this understanding
In
short, the main goals of psychology are:
a) Observation,
b) Description,
c) Understanding,
d) Explanation,
e) Prediction, and
f) Control of human behavior and mental processes.
Scientific
nature of Psychology
Psychology
is a science
It employs the scientific method for gathering knowledge and
information. It uses scientific procedure that is essential to be adopted in
order to carry out psychological research; otherwise the research will not be considered
authentic, reliable, or scientifically valuable.
“Scientific method is a
systematic and organized series of steps that scientists adopt for exploring any
phenomenon in order to obtain accurate and consistent results. These steps
involve observation, description, control, and replication”.
These are the main components of any science or scientific
discipline. The methods of how to gather, process, and analyze information
properly and accurately are very important in psychology as well.
Remember!
Science does not deal with the supernatural
A number of people commonly believe, and they did more so in olden
times, that the evil spirits, demons, or ghosts are the root cause of mental
illness. Therefore, for them, psychology may be the approach that can free man
of the supernatural possessions, which is a wrong belief. Psychology does not
deal with the supernatural phenomena like any other science; it deals with only
those behaviors that are overt can be experienced by our senses, that can be
understood in psychological/scientific terms, and that can be dealt with
through psychology interventions.
Scope
of psychology
After doing a degree course in psychology one may join a variety of
work settings, the most common being:
• Education/teaching
• Research
• Hospitals/clinics
• Recruiting/screening
agencies
• Specialized
professional settings e.g. armed forces, social welfare etc.
Popular
areas of psychology
Clinical
Psychology
A branch of psychology concerned with the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of abnormal behavior. It is the oldest as well as the most well known
branch of psychology. Clinical psychologists are trained to diagnose and treat
problems ranging from the every day crises of life such as grief due to the
death of a loved one, to more extreme conditions, such as a loss of touch with
reality. Some clinical psychologists also conduct research, investigating
issues that range from identifying the early signs of psychological
disturbance, and studying the relationship between how family members
communicate with one another, to the understanding of a wide variety of
psychological disorders.
Industrial
/ Organizational Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies the psychology in action at the
workplace, including productivity, job satisfaction, and decision-making.
Health
Psychology
The branch of psychology that explores the relationship of
psychological factors and physical ailments or disease e.g. Health
psychologists are interested in how the long- term stress (a psychological
factor) can affect physical health. They are also concerned with identifying
ways of promoting behaviors related to good health (such as exercise) or
discouraging unhealthy behaviors (such as smoking, drinking etc).
Consumer
Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies and explains our buying habits
and our effects of advertising a buying behavior. Mainly dealt with the likes
and dislikes and preferences of people.
Environmental
Psychology
A branch of psychology, that focuses upon the
relationship between people and their physical environment. It is one of the
newly emerging, and in-demand, areas of psychology. Environmental psychologists
have made significant progress in understanding how our physical environment
affects the way we behave toward others, our emotions, and how much stress we
experience in a particular setting.
Sport
Psychology
The branch of psychology, that studies the psychological
variables that have an impact upon the sportspersons’ performance; e.g. how
stress can affect sport performance, how morale can be boosted, the role of
self-concept and esteem, the impact of crowd behavior etc.
Forensic
Psychology
The branch of psychology that investigates legal issues
and psychological variables involved in criminal behavior ; e.g. what factors
determine criminal tendencies, how criminals be reformed, deciding what criteria
indicate that a person is legally insane, and whether larger and smaller juries
make fairer decisions.
Note: For more details see the website of American
Psychological Association:
www.apa.org/about/division.html
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